There are ethical barriers to stop those kind of things. Militaries are going to ignore those ethical considerations, but that doesn't mean they don't exist. There was tremendous outcry when irresponsible researchers in China genetically modified fetuses in hopes of making them immune to HIV, without any consideration for the ethics of the situation.

Is academic ethics perfect? Of course not. But it exists and I don't see any proposals for a better system.

It's not different from the abortion debate. Abortion is already regulated quite well by medical ethics. Will that prevent 100% of morally reprehensible situations from occurring? Of course not. But that does not mean we need additional legal regulation (which wouldn't prevent, but only punish anyway.)

There is already effort to improve the racist, sexist barriers to performing academic science and to call out questionable science (particularly medical science, which is probably the worst offender for perpetuating racist and sexist science right now). Those efforts are precisely why we're seeing such a backlash from the white supremacists these days. Just look at what they're targeting - critical race theory and intersectional feminism. Those are academic corrections to academic problems.